TEMPO EVALUATION

"Self-Similarity Analysis Applied on Tempo Induction from Music Recordings" (Journal of New Music Research, Volume 36, Issue 1 March 2007 , pages 27 - 38)

Iasonas Antonopoulos, Aggelos Pikrakis and Segios Theodoridis

Abstract :

This paper presents a self-similarity analysis approach to tempo induction, assuming that tempo remains approximately constant throughout the music recording. The proposed method is based on the observation that rhythmic characteristics of the music signal manifest themselves as inherent periodicities that can be extracted by processing the diagonals of the self-similarity matrix. Such periodicities can then be processed in pairs to yield a pair of tempo candidates. The method was submitted to the MIREX 2006 Tempo Extraction contest, where it was investigated whether the returned tempi are related to perceived tempi extracted from ground truth data. In this paper results are also reported for a music corpus assembled by the authors.

Audio examples :

In the following table a list of songs used for our evaluation of the algorithm submitted in MIREX 2006 Tempo Extraction is given.

For any further information, please contact :

Iasonas Antonopoulos : jantonop

di.uoa.gr

Dept. of Informatics & Telecommunications
University of Athens
Panepistimioupolis, TYPA Buildings
Ilisia, 15784, Athens, Greece

Dr. Aggelos Pikrakis: pikrakis

unipi.gr

Dept. of Informatics
University of Piraeus
Zeas Building, 3d floor
Tel: +30 210 4142128
Fax: +30 210 4142264

List of songs assembled by the authors for the evaluation of the proposed method. The songs are notaded with two perceived tempi (a slow and a fast one) by three listeners.

Artist	Name	Slow Tempo (perceived)	Fast Tempo (Perceived)
DFA	Deceptacon	80	160
The Ramones	Blitzkreig bop	88	176
Travis	Sing	81	162
Peter, Bjorn & John	Objects of my affection	71	142
Peaches	Tent in your pants	96	192
Accept	Midnight mover	73	146
Peter, Bjorn & John	Young folks	69	138
Cake	Friend is a four letter word	67	134
Travis	Side	91	182
Peaches	Boys wanna be her	69	138
ABBA	Mamma mia	69	138
Bruce Springsteen	Working on the highway	92	184
Bruce Springsteen	Ii'm on fire	90	180
Abba	Ii have a dream	52	104
Cake	I will survive	96	192
Accept	Teach us to survive	61	122
ABBA	The winner takes it all	63	126
Accept	Bound to fail	57	114
The Ramones	The kkk took my baby away_	75	150
50 cent	In da club	91	182
AHA	Hunting high and low	58	116
AHA	Manhatan skylines	51.5	103
Alabina & Bouga	C'est la vie	56	112
Alabina -	Salma ya salama	50	100
Art Porter	Autumn in europe	62	125
B-52's	Love shack	66.5	133
Bon Jovi	Wanted dead or alive	74	148
Brooks & Dunn	neon moon (1992)	52	104
Bbryan Adams	run to you	63	126
Coldplay	Don’t panick	86	172
Coldplay	Shiver	72	144
coolio feat. l.v	Gansta's paradise	80	160
Corey Hart	sunglasses at night	64	128
Def Leppard	Pour some sugar on me	42	84
Dire Straits	Sultans of swing	74	148
Dire Straits	Walk of life	86	172
Eddie Rabbit	Ttwo dollars in the juke box	67	134
Force md	Tender love	75	150
Full out freak	Loser anyway	60	120
Garbage	Supervixe	87	174
Garbage	I’m only happy when it rains	60.5	121
Genesis	I can't dance	54	108
George Michael	Faith	96	192
Guns N Roses	Live and let die	67	134
INXS	The devil inside	75	150
Ishtar	Last kiss	92	184
Jimmy Rosenberg	Them there eyes	77	154
Jimmy Rosenberg	Coquette	68	136
Jimmy Rosenberg	Nature boy	60	120
Jimmy Rosenberg	Blues for ike	65	130
Jimmy Rosenberg	Valse de wasso	84.5	168
Johny Cash	Folsom prison blues	50	100
Greek Traditional Dance	Kato sto gialo (music meter 2/4)	90	180
Kenny Rogers	The gambler	90	180
Kirk Whalum	I loved you in memphis	65	130
Kool and the gang	Cherish	94	188
Leah Mccrae	Rain on my window	49	98
Lou Reed	Walk on the wild side	53	106
Missy Eliott	Lose Control	63	126
Massive Attack	Inertia creeps	83.7	166
Maxi Priest	Wild world	83	166
Megadeath	Hangar 18	130	260
Metallica	I disappear	61	122
Norah Jones	Sunrise	79	158
Nirvana	Come as you are	60	120
Greek Trafitional Dance	O Mparmpa Mathios (music meter 2/4)	64	128
Paula Abdul	Straight up	95	180
Prince	Purple rain	56	112
Rastafarians	Hold on jah jah children	78	156
Richard Marx	Hazard	62	124
Rosanne Cash	Tennessee flat top box	98	196
Roxette	Listen to your heart	86	172
Samantha Fox	Nothing's gonna stop me now (1987)	122	244
Santana	Black magic woman	63	125
Sister Sledge	Thinking of you	50	100
Spandau Ballet	True	97	194
Starship	We built this city	72	144
Stevie Wonder	I just called to say i love you	56	112
Sugar Minott	Slice of the cake	72.5	145
The pussycat dolls	Beep	105	210
Tears for fears	Shout	50	100
Terence Trent D'Arby	Sign your name	55	110
The Alan Parsons Project	Eye in the sky	56	112
The Doors	Moonlight drive	93	186
The Dream Academy	life in a northern town	60	120
The Police	De do do do, de da da da	74	148
The Pretenders	Don't get me wrong	100	200
The Scorpions	Still loving you	57	114
The Smiths	Is it really so strange	66	133
The Smiths	Back to the old house	70	140
The Smiths	Hand in glove	71	142
The Steve Miller Band	Abracadabra	64	128
The Stranglers	Always the sun	67	134
Tone Loc	Funky cold medina	59	117
Greek Traditional Dance	tsamikos dance 1 (music meter 6/8)	102	204
Greek Traditional Dance	tsamikos dance 2 (music meter 6/8)	100	200
Greek Traditional Dance	tsamikos dance 3 (music meter 6/8)	100	200
U2	Mysterious ways	100	200
U2	With or without you	55	111
Van Halen	Why can't this be love	88	176
Greek Traditional Dance	Mia gria babogia	97	194

For the above 101 songs (generating 202 segments) the proposed method yielded the following tempo extraction results

Tempo Deviation (%)	Both tempi correct (%)	A least one tempo correct (%)
2.5	54.95	89.60
5	59.9	92.57
8	60.89	94.06